Category Archives: Suffering / Adversity

Choosing Wisdom over Temptation (Proverbs 5)

Have you ever found yourself enticed by the allure of fleeting pleasures, only to discover later the bitter consequences of indulgence?

In Proverbs 5, we delve into the timeless wisdom of Solomon as he warns against the dangers of succumbing to temptation and urges us to embrace the path of righteousness.

Join us as we navigate the delicate balance between desire and discipline, seeking the enduring satisfaction found in walking in God’s ways.

Reconnect: In the preceding chapters of Proverbs, we have encountered Solomon’s impassioned pleas for wisdom and discernment, recognizing their invaluable role in shaping our character and guiding our choices. In Proverbs 5, Solomon addresses the specific temptation of adultery, offering practical advice and solemn warnings to those who would heed his words.

Proverbs 5

Pitfalls of Immorality

1My son, give attention to my wisdom,
Incline your ear to my understanding;

      2That you may observe discretion
And your lips may reserve knowledge.

      3For the lips of an adulteress drip honey
And smoother than oil is her speech;

      4But in the end she is bitter as wormwood,
Sharp as a two-edged sword.

      5Her feet go down to death,
Her steps take hold of Sheol.

      6She does not ponder the path of life;
Her ways are unstable, she does not know it.

      7Now then, my sons, listen to me
And do not depart from the words of my mouth.

      8Keep your way far from her
And do not go near the door of her house,

      9Or you will give your vigor to others
And your years to the cruel one;

      10And strangers will be filled with your strength
And your hard-earned goods will go to the house of an alien;

      11And you groan at your final end,
When your flesh and your body are consumed;

      12And you say, “How I have hated instruction!
And my heart spurned reproof!

      13“I have not listened to the voice of my teachers,
Nor inclined my ear to my instructors!

      14“I was almost in utter ruin
In the midst of the assembly and congregation.”

      15Drink water from your own cistern
And fresh water from your own well.

      16Should your springs be dispersed abroad,
Streams of water in the streets?

      17Let them be yours alone
And not for strangers with you.

      18Let your fountain be blessed,
And rejoice in the wife of your youth.

      19As a loving hind and a graceful doe,
Let her breasts satisfy you at all times;
Be exhilarated always with her love.

      20For why should you, my son, be exhilarated with an adulteress
And embrace the bosom of a foreigner?

      21For the ways of a man are before the eyes of the LORD,
And He watches all his paths.

      22His own iniquities will capture the wicked,
And he will be held with the cords of his sin.

      23He will die for lack of instruction,
And in the greatness of his folly he will go astray.

Summary Key Points:

  1. The Seductive Allure of Adultery (Proverbs 5:1-14): Solomon begins by urging his listeners to pay attention to his instruction and to guard themselves against the enticing words of an adulterous woman. He vividly describes the allure of forbidden pleasure, warning that it leads only to destruction and death. Solomon implores his listeners to avoid the path of the adulteress, whose ways are unstable and fraught with peril.
  2. The Devastating Consequences of Infidelity (Proverbs 5:15-23): In this section, Solomon contrasts the blessings of marital fidelity with the devastating consequences of adultery. He extols the virtues of marital intimacy and the joy found in a faithful and committed relationship. Conversely, Solomon warns that the adulterer will be ensnared by his own lusts, facing ruin and disgrace as a result of his folly.

Call to Action:

As we reflect on the wisdom of Proverbs 5, let us consider how we can apply its timeless truths to our lives:

  1. Guard Your Heart: Like Solomon’s admonition to his son, let us be vigilant in guarding our hearts and minds against the allure of temptation. Let us recognize the seductive nature of sinful desires and take proactive steps to avoid situations that could lead us astray. By cultivating a heart of purity and integrity, we honor God and protect ourselves from harm.
  2. Cultivate Marital Faithfulness: For those who are married, let us cherish and nurture the sanctity of our marital covenant. Let us prioritize fidelity and commitment in our relationships, honoring our spouses and upholding the vows we have made before God. By investing in our marriages and nurturing trust and intimacy, we strengthen the foundation of our families and glorify God in our unions.
  3. Seek God’s Guidance: In moments of temptation and moral ambiguity, let us turn to God for guidance and strength. Let us seek His wisdom through prayer, Scripture, and the counsel of wise mentors and friends. By aligning our lives with His will and relying on His grace, we can overcome temptation and walk in the path of righteousness.

Closing Prayer: Heavenly Father, we thank You for the wisdom and guidance found in Your Word, especially in passages like Proverbs 5 that offer practical insights into navigating the complexities of life. Grant us the strength and discernment to resist temptation and to walk in the path of righteousness. May Your Spirit empower us to guard our hearts, honor our commitments, and seek Your will in all things. In Jesus’ name, we pray. Amen.

May the grace and peace of our Lord, Yeshua, be with you.

John Golda


Do you know for sure if you will go to heaven or hell when you die? Are you experiencing in your life the peace and joy of a personal relationship with our Creator and Father? Learn more about salvation through The Message of the Cross.

A Cry for Deliverance: Psalm 69

Have you ever felt overwhelmed by the trials and tribulations of life, crying out to God for deliverance from the depths of despair?

In Psalm 69, we encounter the heartfelt plea of the psalmist as he wrestles with adversity, persecution, and the weight of his own sin.

Join us as we explore the raw honesty and unwavering faith expressed in this psalm, finding hope and solace in the midst of suffering.

Reconnect: In the preceding psalms, we have witnessed the psalmist’s intimate communion with God, pouring out his heart in times of both joy and sorrow. In Psalm 69, we encounter a deeply personal and poignant expression of the psalmist’s anguish and desperation, as he cries out to God for deliverance from his enemies and the consequences of his own sin.

(Summarized and continued after the scripture)

Psalm 69

A Cry of Distress and Imprecation on Adversaries.

For the choir director; according to Shoshannim. A Psalm of David.

     1Save me, O God,
For the waters have threatened my life.

      2I have sunk in deep mire, and there is no foothold;
I have come into deep waters, and a flood overflows me.

      3I am weary with my crying; my throat is parched;
My eyes fail while I wait for my God.

      4Those who hate me without a cause are more than the hairs of my head;
Those who would destroy me are powerful, being wrongfully my enemies;
What I did not steal, I then have to restore.

      5O God, it is You who knows my folly,
And my wrongs are not hidden from You.

      6May those who wait for You not be ashamed through me, O Lord GOD of hosts;
May those who seek You not be dishonored through me, O God of Israel,

      7Because for Your sake I have borne reproach;
Dishonor has covered my face.

      8I have become estranged from my brothers
And an alien to my mother’s sons.

      9For zeal for Your house has consumed me,
And the reproaches of those who reproach You have fallen on me.

      10When I wept in my soul with fasting,
It became my reproach.

      11When I made sackcloth my clothing,
I became a byword to them.

      12Those who sit in the gate talk about me,
And I am the song of the drunkards.

      13But as for me, my prayer is to You, O LORD, at an acceptable time;
O God, in the greatness of Your lovingkindness,
Answer me with Your saving truth.

      14Deliver me from the mire and do not let me sink;
May I be delivered from my foes and from the deep waters.

      15May the flood of water not overflow me
Nor the deep swallow me up,
Nor the pit shut its mouth on me.

      16Answer me, O LORD, for Your lovingkindness is good;
According to the greatness of Your compassion, turn to me,

      17And do not hide Your face from Your servant,
For I am in distress; answer me quickly.

      18Oh draw near to my soul and redeem it;
Ransom me because of my enemies!

      19You know my reproach and my shame and my dishonor;
All my adversaries are before You.

      20Reproach has broken my heart and I am so sick.
And I looked for sympathy, but there was none,
And for comforters, but I found none.

      21They also gave me gall for my food
And for my thirst they gave me vinegar to drink.

      22May their table before them become a snare;
And when they are in peace, may it become a trap.

      23May their eyes grow dim so that they cannot see,
And make their loins shake continually.

      24Pour out Your indignation on them,
And may Your burning anger overtake them.

      25May their camp be desolate;
May none dwell in their tents.

      26For they have persecuted him whom You Yourself have smitten,
And they tell of the pain of those whom You have wounded.

      27Add iniquity to their iniquity,
And may they not come into Your righteousness.

      28May they be blotted out of the book of life
And may they not be recorded with the righteous.

      29But I am afflicted and in pain;
May Your salvation, O God, set me securely on high.

      30I will praise the name of God with song
And magnify Him with thanksgiving.

      31And it will please the LORD better than an ox
Or a young bull with horns and hoofs.

      32The humble have seen it and are glad;
You who seek God, let your heart revive.

      33For the LORD hears the needy
And does not despise His who are prisoners.

      34Let heaven and earth praise Him,
The seas and everything that moves in them.

      35For God will save Zion and build the cities of Judah,
That they may dwell there and possess it.

      36The descendants of His servants will inherit it,
And those who love His name will dwell in it.

Summary Key Points:

  1. Desperate Plea for Deliverance (Psalm 69:1-12): The psalmist begins by crying out to God in distress, overwhelmed by the hostility and persecution of his enemies. He describes his suffering in vivid imagery, comparing it to being engulfed by deep waters and sinking into the mire. Despite his anguish, the psalmist expresses unwavering trust in God, confident that He will come to his rescue.
  2. Endurance Amidst Mockery and Shame (Psalm 69:13-21): The psalmist continues to recount his suffering at the hands of his enemies, enduring mockery, shame, and betrayal. He laments his isolation and loneliness, feeling abandoned even by his closest companions. Yet, amidst his despair, the psalmist maintains his trust in God, appealing to Him for deliverance and vindication.
  3. Prayer for Vindication and Restoration (Psalm 69:22-36): In the final section of the psalm, the tone shifts from lament to petition as the psalmist calls upon God to execute judgment upon his enemies and bring about justice and vindication. He expresses confidence that God will hear his prayers and answer them, restoring him to a place of honor and blessing. The psalm concludes with a declaration of praise and thanksgiving, as the psalmist anticipates God’s deliverance and salvation.

Call to Action:

As we meditate on the profound themes of Psalm 69, let us consider how we can apply its truths to our own lives:

  1. Honesty in Prayer: Like the psalmist, let us cultivate a spirit of honesty and vulnerability in our prayers, laying bare our hearts before God and pouring out our deepest fears, anxieties, and desires. Let us not shy away from expressing our struggles and doubts but approach God with humility and openness.
  2. Trust in God’s Faithfulness: Despite the trials and tribulations we may face, let us hold fast to the assurance of God’s faithfulness and steadfast love. Let us anchor our hope in His promises, confident that He hears our cries and is ever-present in our times of need. Let us trust in His timing and His ways, knowing that He works all things together for our good.
  3. Perseverance in Faith: In moments of adversity and suffering, let us persevere in faith, knowing that our God is a God of deliverance and redemption. Let us not lose heart or grow weary but continue to lift our eyes to Him, seeking His strength and guidance to navigate the challenges of life. Let us draw near to Him in prayer and worship, finding comfort and assurance in His presence.

Closing Prayer: Heavenly Father, we come before You with hearts laid bare, echoing the cries of the psalmist for deliverance and salvation. In the midst of our trials and tribulations, grant us the grace to trust in Your unfailing love and to find hope and solace in Your presence. Hear our prayers, O Lord, and come to our aid, delivering us from every form of adversity and restoring us to a place of wholeness and blessing. May Your name be glorified forevermore. Amen.

May the grace and peace of our Lord, Yeshua, be with you.

John Golda


Do you know for sure if you will go to heaven or hell when you die? Are you experiencing in your life the peace and joy of a personal relationship with our Creator and Father? Learn more about salvation through The Message of the Cross.

Integrity and Justice: Job’s Stand in Job 31

Have you ever stood at the crossroads of decision, faced with the choice between integrity and compromise, justice and injustice?

In Job 31, we witness Job’s unwavering commitment to righteousness and his impassioned plea for justice as he defends his innocence amidst overwhelming adversity.

Join us as we delve into the depths of Job’s character and explore the profound lessons of integrity and justice found within this chapter.

Reconnect: In the preceding chapters of the book of Job, we have witnessed Job’s profound suffering and the relentless scrutiny of his friends as they attempt to explain his misfortune. Despite their accusations and insinuations, Job remains steadfast in his conviction of innocence and his unwavering commitment to righteousness. In Job 31, we find Job making his final defense, passionately declaring his integrity and pleading for justice before God.

(Summarized and continued after scripture)

Job 31

Job Asserts His Integrity

1“I have made a covenant with my eyes;
How then could I gaze at a virgin?

      2“And what is the portion of God from above
Or the heritage of the Almighty from on high?

      3“Is it not calamity to the unjust
And disaster to those who work iniquity?

      4“Does He not see my ways
And number all my steps?

      5“If I have walked with falsehood,
And my foot has hastened after deceit,

      6Let Him weigh me with accurate scales,
And let God know my integrity.

      7“If my step has turned from the way,
Or my heart followed my eyes,
Or if any spot has stuck to my hands,

      8Let me sow and another eat,
And let my crops be uprooted.

      9“If my heart has been enticed by a woman,
Or I have lurked at my neighbor’s doorway,

      10May my wife grind for another,
And let others kneel down over her.

      11“For that would be a lustful crime;
Moreover, it would be an iniquity punishable by judges.

      12“For it would be fire that consumes to Abaddon,
And would uproot all my increase.

      13“If I have despised the claim of my male or female slaves
When they filed a complaint against me,

      14What then could I do when God arises?
And when He calls me to account, what will I answer Him?

      15“Did not He who made me in the womb make him,
And the same one fashion us in the womb?

      16“If I have kept the poor from their desire,
Or have caused the eyes of the widow to fail,

      17Or have eaten my morsel alone,
And the orphan has not shared it

      18(But from my youth he grew up with me as with a father,
And from infancy I guided her),

      19If I have seen anyone perish for lack of clothing,
Or that the needy had no covering,

      20If his loins have not thanked me,
And if he has not been warmed with the fleece of my sheep,

      21If I have lifted up my hand against the orphan,
Because I saw I had support in the gate,

      22Let my shoulder fall from the socket,
And my arm be broken off at the elbow.

      23“For calamity from God is a terror to me,
And because of His majesty I can do nothing.

      24“If I have put my confidence in gold,
And called fine gold my trust,

      25If I have gloated because my wealth was great,
And because my hand had secured so much;

      26If I have looked at the sun when it shone
Or the moon going in splendor,

      27And my heart became secretly enticed,
And my hand threw a kiss from my mouth,

      28That too would have been an iniquity calling for judgment,
For I would have denied God above.

      29“Have I rejoiced at the extinction of my enemy,
Or exulted when evil befell him?

      30“No, I have not allowed my mouth to sin
By asking for his life in a curse.

      31“Have the men of my tent not said,
‘Who can find one who has not been satisfied with his meat’?

      32“The alien has not lodged outside,
For I have opened my doors to the traveler.

      33“Have I covered my transgressions like Adam,
By hiding my iniquity in my bosom,

      34Because I feared the great multitude,
And the contempt of families terrified me,
And kept silent and did not go out of doors?

      35“Oh that I had one to hear me!
Behold, here is my signature;
Let the Almighty answer me!
And the indictment which my adversary has written,

      36Surely I would carry it on my shoulder,
I would bind it to myself like a crown.

      37“I would declare to Him the number of my steps;
Like a prince I would approach Him.

      38“If my land cries out against me,
And its furrows weep together;

      39If I have eaten its fruit without money,
Or have caused its owners to lose their lives,

      40Let briars grow instead of wheat,
And stinkweed instead of barley.”
The words of Job are ended.

Summary Key Points:

  1. Job’s Oath of Innocence (Job 31:1-12): Job begins his defense by solemnly swearing an oath of innocence before God, pledging his integrity and righteousness in various areas of his life. He declares his commitment to purity of heart, fidelity in marriage, and compassion towards the poor and oppressed. Job vehemently denies any involvement in adultery, deceit, or mistreatment of others, affirming his blamelessness before God.
  2. Job’s Lamentation of Injustice (Job 31:13-23): Job expresses his anguish over the prevalence of injustice and oppression in society, lamenting the plight of the marginalized and vulnerable. He denounces the exploitation of the poor and the mistreatment of servants, expressing his deep empathy for those who suffer unjustly. Job passionately appeals to God as the ultimate arbiter of justice, imploring Him to vindicate the righteous and punish the wicked.
  3. Job’s Fear of God’s Judgment (Job 31:24-40): Job concludes his defense by acknowledging his fear of God’s judgment and his awareness of the consequences of wrongdoing. He confesses his reverence for God and his recognition of divine retribution for those who turn from righteousness. Job expresses his willingness to submit to God’s scrutiny and invites Him to weigh his integrity and righteousness in the balance of justice.

Call to Action:

As we reflect on the profound truths found in Job 31, let us consider how we can apply its lessons to our own lives:

  1. Integrity in Action: Like Job, let us strive to maintain unwavering integrity in all areas of our lives, upholding righteousness and purity of heart even in the face of adversity and temptation. Let us be people of honesty, sincerity, and moral uprightness, reflecting the character of God in our words and deeds.
  2. Justice and Compassion: Let us cultivate a heart of compassion towards the marginalized and oppressed, advocating for justice and righteousness in our communities and society. Let us stand up against injustice and oppression wherever we encounter it, seeking to be agents of positive change and transformation in the world around us.
  3. Fear of God and Humility: Let us cultivate a healthy fear of God, acknowledging His sovereignty and righteousness, and recognizing our own accountability before Him. Let us humbly submit ourselves to His scrutiny, inviting His examination of our hearts and lives, and seeking His guidance and direction in all things.

Closing Prayer: Heavenly Father, we thank you for the example of integrity and justice we find in the life of Job. Help us to emulate his unwavering commitment to righteousness and his passionate plea for justice in our own lives. Give us the strength to uphold integrity in all that we do, to advocate for justice and compassion, and to cultivate a humble fear of You. May our lives be a reflection of Your righteousness and grace. In Your holy name, we pray. Amen.

May the grace and peace of our Lord, Yeshua, be with you.

John Golda


Do you know for sure if you will go to heaven or hell when you die? Are you experiencing in your life the peace and joy of a personal relationship with our Creator and Father? Learn more about salvation through The Message of the Cross.

From Honor to Humiliation: Job’s Descent into Suffering (Job 30)

Have you ever experienced a dramatic reversal of fortune, where honor and respect were replaced by humiliation and suffering?

In Job 30, we witness Job’s poignant reflection on his descent from a position of honor and respect to one of profound suffering and contempt.

Join us as we delve into this chapter and explore Job’s raw expression of anguish and despair amidst his afflictions.

Reconnect: In the previous chapter, Job reminisced about the days of his prosperity and the honor he once enjoyed in his community. However, in Job 30, we witness a stark contrast as Job laments his current state of suffering and degradation.

(Summarized and continued after scripture)

Job 30

Job’s Present State Is Humiliating

1“But now those younger than I mock me,
Whose fathers I disdained to put with the dogs of my flock.

      2“Indeed, what good was the strength of their hands to me?
Vigor had perished from them.

      3“From want and famine they are gaunt
Who gnaw the dry ground by night in waste and desolation,

      4Who pluck mallow by the bushes,
And whose food is the root of the broom shrub.

      5“They are driven from the community;
They shout against them as against a thief,

      6So that they dwell in dreadful valleys,
In holes of the earth and of the rocks.

      7“Among the bushes they cry out;
Under the nettles they are gathered together.

      8“Fools, even those without a name,
They were scourged from the land.

      9“And now I have become their taunt,
I have even become a byword to them.

      10“They abhor me and stand aloof from me,
And they do not refrain from spitting at my face.

      11“Because He has loosed His bowstring and afflicted me,
They have cast off the bridle before me.

      12“On the right hand their brood arises;
They thrust aside my feet and build up against me their ways of destruction.

      13“They break up my path,
They profit from my destruction;
No one restrains them.

      14“As through a wide breach they come,
Amid the tempest they roll on.

      15“Terrors are turned against me;
They pursue my honor as the wind,
And my prosperity has passed away like a cloud.

      16“And now my soul is poured out within me;
Days of affliction have seized me.

      17“At night it pierces my bones within me,
And my gnawing pains take no rest.

      18“By a great force my garment is distorted;
It binds me about as the collar of my coat.

      19“He has cast me into the mire,
And I have become like dust and ashes.

      20“I cry out to You for help, but You do not answer me;
I stand up, and You turn Your attention against me.

      21“You have become cruel to me;
With the might of Your hand You persecute me.

      22“You lift me up to the wind and cause me to ride;
And You dissolve me in a storm.

      23“For I know that You will bring me to death
And to the house of meeting for all living.

      24“Yet does not one in a heap of ruins stretch out his hand,
Or in his disaster therefore cry out for help?

      25“Have I not wept for the one whose life is hard?
Was not my soul grieved for the needy?

      26“When I expected good, then evil came;
When I waited for light, then darkness came.

      27“I am seething within and cannot relax;
Days of affliction confront me.

      28“I go about mourning without comfort;
I stand up in the assembly and cry out for help.

      29“I have become a brother to jackals
And a companion of ostriches.

      30“My skin turns black on me,
And my bones burn with fever.

      31“Therefore my harp is turned to mourning,
And my flute to the sound of those who weep.

Summary Key Points:

  1. From Honor to Contempt (Job 30:1-15): Job begins by describing how he has become the object of mockery and scorn among the younger generation. Once esteemed as a leader and respected elder, Job now finds himself cast aside and treated with contempt by those who once revered him. He laments the loss of his dignity and the degradation of his once honorable reputation.
  2. Overwhelmed by Affliction (Job 30:16-23): Job expresses the depth of his suffering and anguish, feeling as though he is engulfed by the terrors of God’s judgment. He describes how his body is racked with pain, his skin is covered with sores, and his days are filled with sorrow and despair. Despite his cries for help, Job feels abandoned by both God and humanity, left to endure his afflictions alone.
  3. A Cry for Justice (Job 30:24-31): In the final section of the chapter, Job appeals to God for justice and vindication. He pleads for God to intervene on his behalf, to bring an end to his suffering and to deliver him from the hands of his oppressors. Job maintains his innocence and righteousness, refusing to accept the accusations and condemnation of his detractors.

Call to Action:

As we reflect on Job’s descent into suffering in Job 30, let’s consider how we can apply its lessons to our own lives:

  1. Empathy and Compassion: Take time to empathize with those who are experiencing suffering and adversity. Reach out to offer your support, encouragement, and prayers to those who are facing difficult circumstances, knowing that your compassion can make a difference in their lives.
  2. Perseverance in Faith: Like Job, trust in God’s faithfulness and goodness, even in the midst of trials and tribulations. Hold fast to your faith and confidence in God’s sovereignty, knowing that He is able to bring beauty from ashes and to restore what has been lost.
  3. Advocacy for the Vulnerable: Be an advocate for those who are marginalized and oppressed, speaking out against injustice and standing up for the rights of the downtrodden. Use your voice and influence to bring about positive change in your community and to uplift those who are suffering.

Closing Prayer: Heavenly Father, we lift up to you all those who are experiencing suffering and affliction, just as Job did in Job 30. Grant them strength, courage, and comfort in the midst of their trials, knowing that you are always with them. Help us to be channels of your love and compassion, reaching out to support and encourage those who are in need. May we trust in your faithfulness and goodness, even in the darkest of times, knowing that you are able to bring light and hope into every situation. In Jesus’ name, we pray. Amen.

May the grace and peace of our Lord, Yeshua, be with you.

John Golda


Do you know for sure if you will go to heaven or hell when you die? Are you experiencing in your life the peace and joy of a personal relationship with our Creator and Father? Learn more about salvation through The Message of the Cross.

The Quest for Wisdom: Exploring the Depths of God’s Knowledge (Job 28)

Have you ever found yourself in pursuit of wisdom, seeking to unravel life’s mysteries and understand the depths of God’s knowledge?

In Job 28, we journey into the heart of wisdom as Job contemplates the elusive nature of true understanding amidst the trials of life.

Join us as we delve into this profound chapter and uncover the treasures of wisdom hidden within its verses.

Reconnect: Job, amidst his suffering and debates with his friends, reflects deeply on the value and rarity of wisdom. In the preceding chapters, Job has wrestled with the questions of human suffering and the justice of God, leading him to ponder the ultimate source of wisdom in the midst of life’s uncertainties.

(Summarized and continued after scripture)

Job 28

Job Tells of Earth’s Treasures

1“Surely there is a mine for silver
And a place where they refine gold.

      2“Iron is taken from the dust,
And copper is smelted from rock.

      3Man puts an end to darkness,
And to the farthest limit he searches out
The rock in gloom and deep shadow.

      4“He sinks a shaft far from habitation,
Forgotten by the foot;
They hang and swing to and fro far from men.

      5“The earth, from it comes food,
And underneath it is turned up as fire.

      6“Its rocks are the source of sapphires,
And its dust contains gold.

      7“The path no bird of prey knows,
Nor has the falcon’s eye caught sight of it.

      8“The proud beasts have not trodden it,
Nor has the fierce lion passed over it.

      9“He puts his hand on the flint;
He overturns the mountains at the base.

      10“He hews out channels through the rocks,
And his eye sees anything precious.

      11“He dams up the streams from flowing,
And what is hidden he brings out to the light.

The Search for Wisdom Is Harder

12“But where can wisdom be found?
And where is the place of understanding?

      13“Man does not know its value,
Nor is it found in the land of the living.

      14“The deep says, ‘It is not in me’;
And the sea says, ‘It is not with me.’

      15“Pure gold cannot be given in exchange for it,
Nor can silver be weighed as its price.

      16“It cannot be valued in the gold of Ophir,
In precious onyx, or sapphire.

      17“Gold or glass cannot equal it,
Nor can it be exchanged for articles of fine gold.

      18“Coral and crystal are not to be mentioned;
And the acquisition of wisdom is above that of pearls.

      19“The topaz of Ethiopia cannot equal it,
Nor can it be valued in pure gold.

      20“Where then does wisdom come from?
And where is the place of understanding?

      21“Thus it is hidden from the eyes of all living
And concealed from the birds of the sky.

      22“Abaddon and Death say,
‘With our ears we have heard a report of it.’

      23“God understands its way,
And He knows its place.

      24“For He looks to the ends of the earth
And sees everything under the heavens.

      25“When He imparted weight to the wind
And meted out the waters by measure,

      26When He set a limit for the rain
And a course for the thunderbolt,

      27Then He saw it and declared it;
He established it and also searched it out.

      28“And to man He said, ‘Behold, the fear of the Lord, that is wisdom;
And to depart from evil is understanding.’”

Summary Key Points:

  1. The Search for Hidden Treasures (Job 28:1-11): Job begins by describing the diligent efforts of miners who delve deep into the earth, seeking precious metals and gems. He highlights the lengths to which humans will go in their pursuit of material wealth, yet acknowledges that true wisdom cannot be bought or found through earthly means.
  2. Wisdom’s Priceless Value (Job 28:12-22): Job contemplates the immeasurable worth of wisdom, comparing it to treasures such as gold, silver, and precious stones. He recognizes that wisdom is beyond the reach of mortal beings and can only be found in reverence for God, who alone understands its true essence.
  3. God’s Revelation of Wisdom (Job 28:23-28): Job concludes by affirming that true wisdom originates with God, who comprehends its depths and has established its principles in the order of creation. He asserts that the fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom, emphasizing the importance of humility and reverence in our pursuit of understanding.

Call to Action:

As we reflect on the wisdom found in Job 28, let’s consider how we can apply its timeless truths to our lives:

  1. Seek Wisdom from God: Instead of relying solely on human intellect or worldly knowledge, commit to seeking wisdom from God through prayer, meditation on His Word, and seeking guidance from the Holy Spirit. Recognize that true wisdom begins with reverence for God and a humble heart.
  2. Value Wisdom Above Material Wealth: In a world that often prioritizes material gain and success, remember the priceless value of wisdom that far surpasses earthly treasures. Cultivate a heart that treasures wisdom above riches, recognizing its eternal significance and transformative power in our lives.
  3. Live Wisely in All Areas of Life: Let wisdom guide your decisions, actions, and interactions with others. Embrace discernment, prudence, and sound judgment in your daily choices, seeking to honor God in all that you do. Allow the wisdom of God to shape your character and influence those around you for His glory.

Closing Prayer: Heavenly Father, we thank you for the wisdom revealed in Job 28 and throughout your Word. Grant us the humility to recognize our need for true wisdom that comes from you alone. As we journey through life’s uncertainties, guide us by your Spirit, leading us in paths of wisdom and understanding. May we walk in reverence before you, seeking to honor you with our lives and decisions. In Jesus’ name, we pray. Amen.

May the grace and peace of our Lord, Yeshua, be with you.

John Golda


Do you know for sure if you will go to heaven or hell when you die? Are you experiencing in your life the peace and joy of a personal relationship with our Creator and Father? Learn more about salvation through The Message of the Cross.

Job’s Unwavering Integrity: A Stand for Righteousness (Job 27)

Have you ever faced a situation where you had to stand your ground, holding onto your principles and integrity despite overwhelming challenges?

Job enters a critical phase where he affirms his unwavering integrity despite the immense suffering and accusations he endures. Join us as we delve into Job 27 to explore the depths of his resolve and the timeless lessons it offers.

Reconnect: In the preceding chapters, Job has engaged in intense debates with his friends, who continue to assert that his suffering is a result of his own sins. In Job 27, Job maintains his innocence and reaffirms his commitment to righteousness, providing insight into his unwavering integrity.

(Summarized and continued after the scripture)

Job 27

Job Affirms His Righteousness

      1Then Job continued his discourse and said,

      2“As God lives, who has taken away my right,
And the Almighty, who has embittered my soul,

      3For as long as life is in me,
And the breath of God is in my nostrils,

      4My lips certainly will not speak unjustly,
Nor will my tongue mutter deceit.

      5“Far be it from me that I should declare you right;
Till I die I will not put away my integrity from me.

      6“I hold fast my righteousness and will not let it go.
My heart does not reproach any of my days.

The State of the Godless

7“May my enemy be as the wicked
And my opponent as the unjust.

      8“For what is the hope of the godless when he is cut off,
When God requires his life?

      9“Will God hear his cry
When distress comes upon him?

      10“Will he take delight in the Almighty?
Will he call on God at all times?

      11“I will instruct you in the power of God;
What is with the Almighty I will not conceal.

      12“Behold, all of you have seen it;
Why then do you act foolishly?

      13“This is the portion of a wicked man from God,
And the inheritance which tyrants receive from the Almighty.

      14“Though his sons are many, they are destined for the sword;
And his descendants will not be satisfied with bread.

      15“His survivors will be buried because of the plague,
And their widows will not be able to weep.

      16“Though he piles up silver like dust
And prepares garments as plentiful as the clay,

      17He may prepare it, but the just will wear it
And the innocent will divide the silver.

      18“He has built his house like the spider’s web,
Or as a hut which the watchman has made.

      19“He lies down rich, but never again;
He opens his eyes, and it is no longer.

      20“Terrors overtake him like a flood;
A tempest steals him away in the night.

      21“The east wind carries him away, and he is gone,
For it whirls him away from his place.

      22“For it will hurl at him without sparing;
He will surely try to flee from its power.

      23Men will clap their hands at him
And will hiss him from his place.

Summary Key Points:

  1. Job’s Oath of Integrity: Job opens chapter 27 by taking a solemn oath, asserting his righteousness and vowing not to give up his integrity. He declares that as long as he lives, he will not speak falsely or renounce his honesty.
  2. Rejection of Hypocrisy: Job passionately denounces the fate of the wicked, describing their eventual downfall and the fleeting nature of their prosperity. He makes it clear that he will not become like the hypocrites who pretend to be righteous but ultimately face judgment.
  3. The Permanence of God’s Justice: Job’s discourse emphasizes his unwavering belief in God’s justice. He asserts that the wicked may experience temporary success, but ultimately, God’s justice will prevail, and the righteous will inherit the blessings.

Call to Action:

As we reflect on Job’s unwavering integrity in chapter 27, let’s draw valuable lessons for our own lives:

  1. Uphold Your Integrity: Job’s commitment to maintaining his integrity in the face of adversity serves as a powerful example. In our own lives, let’s resolve to uphold our principles, even when it’s difficult.
  2. Reject Hypocrisy: Job’s strong words against hypocrisy remind us to be authentic in our faith and actions. Avoid pretending to be something you’re not; instead, let your actions align with your beliefs.
  3. Trust in God’s Justice: Job’s trust in God’s ultimate justice is a source of hope and reassurance. Even in challenging times, trust that God’s justice will prevail, and righteousness will be rewarded.
  4. Prayer: Take a few minutes to pray, asking for the strength to maintain your integrity, reject hypocrisy, and trust in God’s justice in your life and in the world.

Engage in Discussion: Share your thoughts on Job’s unwavering integrity and how it inspires you in your own life. Discuss these important principles with friends and family, and feel free to leave your comments below to continue the conversation.

May the grace and peace of our Lord, Yeshua, be with you.

John Golda


Do you know for sure if you will go to heaven or hell when you die? Are you experiencing in your life the peace and joy of a personal relationship with our Creator and Father? Learn more about salvation through The Message of the Cross.

Job Rebukes Bildad While Acknowledging God’s Unfathomable Power (Job 26)

Have you ever found yourself frustrated by well-intentioned advice that misses the mark, leaving you longing for deeper understanding and meaning in the face of life’s challenges?

In Job 26, we witness Job’s response to Bildad’s counsel, which falls short of addressing the profound mysteries of his suffering. Join us as we delve into Job’s rebuke of Bildad and his awe-inspiring acknowledgment of God’s incomparable power amidst ongoing tension with his friends.

Reconnect: In the preceding chapters, Job has been locked in a heated debate with his friends, who insist that his afflictions are a result of his own sin. Job maintains his innocence and wrestles with the mysteries of his suffering.

Now, in Job 26, he responds to Bildad’s speech by agreeing that God’s unmatched might is obvious but calling out the inadequacy of his friend’s counsel.

(Summarized and continued after scripture)

Job 26

Job Rebukes Bildad

      1Then Job responded,

      2“What a help you are to the weak!
How you have saved the arm without strength!

      3“What counsel you have given to one without wisdom!
What helpful insight you have abundantly provided!

      4“To whom have you uttered words?
And whose spirit was expressed through you?


The Greatness of God

5“The departed spirits tremble
Under the waters and their inhabitants.

      6“Naked is Sheol before Him,
And Abaddon has no covering.

      7“He stretches out the north over empty space
And hangs the earth on nothing.

      8“He wraps up the waters in His clouds,
And the cloud does not burst under them.

      9“He obscures the face of the full moon
And spreads His cloud over it.

      10“He has inscribed a circle on the surface of the waters
At the boundary of light and darkness.

      11“The pillars of heaven tremble
And are amazed at His rebuke.

      12“He quieted the sea with His power,
And by His understanding He shattered Rahab.

      13“By His breath the heavens are cleared;
His hand has pierced the fleeing serpent.

      14“Behold, these are the fringes of His ways;
And how faint a word we hear of Him!
But His mighty thunder, who can understand?”

Summary Key Points:

  1. Job’s Rebuke of Bildad: Job begins his response by rebuking Bildad’s unhelpful counsel, highlighting its failure to provide answers to his deep questions about suffering.
  2. God’s Unfathomable Power: Job praises God’s incomprehensible power, emphasizing His ability to suspend the earth over nothingness and to govern the universe with divine wisdom.
  3. Ongoing Tension: This passage illustrates the ongoing tension between Job and his friends, as he challenges their understanding and seeks deeper insights into the mysteries of his suffering.
  4. Job’s Profound Acknowledgment: Despite the disagreements and frustrations, Job acknowledges the majesty of God’s creation, underscoring the humility that comes with recognizing our human limitations.

Call to Action: Let Job’s response remind us of the importance of seeking a deeper understanding of God’s ways in the midst of life’s challenges. Reflect on moments when well-intentioned advice fell short and left you seeking a higher wisdom. Offer a prayer for wisdom and guidance in times of uncertainty and frustration.

Prayer: Gracious God, we acknowledge Your unfathomable wisdom and power. Help us to seek deeper understanding in times of confusion and frustration. Grant us the humility to recognize our limitations and the patience to await Your divine answers. In Jesus’ name, we pray. Amen.

Discussion: Share your thoughts on Job’s rebuke of Bildad and the ongoing tension between Job and his friends. Reflect on the importance of seeking deeper understanding and wisdom when facing life’s profound questions. Engage in a conversation with friends or family, exploring the significance of humility in our faith journey.

May the grace and peace of our Lord, Yeshua, be with you.

John Golda


Do you know for sure if you will go to heaven or hell when you die? Are you experiencing in your life the peace and joy of a personal relationship with our Creator and Father? Learn more about salvation through The Message of the Cross.

The Incomparable God: Bildad’s Reflection (Job 25)

Hook: Have you ever found yourself utterly awed by the greatness of God, leaving you at a loss for words to describe His immense power and wisdom?

In Job 25, Bildad the Shuhite offers a brief reflection on the incomparable nature of God, emphasizing that, in comparison, none of us are without sin, not even Job.

Join us as we delve into this concise yet profound passage and gain a deeper understanding of the majesty of our Creator.

Reconnect: As we delve into Job 25, we find Bildad continuing his discourse in response to Job’s lamentations and questions. In the previous chapters, Job has expressed his deep anguish and desire to present his case before God. Bildad’s words here offer a perspective on God’s absolute holiness and supremacy. It’s worth noting that Bildad’s answer, like those of his friends, continues to suggest that Job’s suffering is a consequence of his sin—a notion that Job vehemently rejects, leading to an ongoing theological debate.

(Summarized and continued after the scripture)

Job 25

Bildad Says Man Is Inferior

      1Then Bildad the Shuhite answered,

      2“Dominion and awe belong to Him
Who establishes peace in His heights.

      3“Is there any number to His troops?
And upon whom does His light not rise?

      4“How then can a man be just with God?
Or how can he be clean who is born of woman?

      5“If even the moon has no brightness
And the stars are not pure in His sight,

      6How much less man, that maggot,
And the son of man, that worm!”

Summary Key Points:

  1. God’s Unapproachable Holiness: Bildad begins by acknowledging the inaccessibility of God’s holiness. He describes God as the One who brings order to the heavens and possesses unapproachable majesty. This recognition underscores the vast gulf between humanity and the Creator.
  2. Human Insignificance: Bildad highlights the frailty and imperfection of humanity when compared to the purity and perfection of God. He asks a rhetorical question: “How then can man be righteous before God?” This question serves as a reminder that human righteousness falls short in the presence of divine holiness.
  3. The Need for Mediation: Bildad’s words indirectly point to the need for a mediator between humanity and God. Recognizing the vast chasm that separates us from God’s holiness, Bildad implies the necessity of someone who can bridge that gap—a role that foreshadows the ultimate Mediator, Jesus Christ.
  4. Job’s Ongoing Search: While Bildad’s words emphasize the unapproachable nature of God, they do not offer comfort or resolution to Job’s suffering. Job continues to seek answers and understanding, grappling with the profound mysteries of his circumstances and God’s ways.

Call to Action: As we reflect on Job 25, let us also contemplate the incomparable holiness and greatness of our Creator. Take a moment to meditate on the majesty of God and the inherent limitations of human righteousness.

In times of struggle and questioning, remember that God is beyond our comprehension, yet He invites us into a relationship with Him through Jesus Christ, our Mediator. Seek a deeper understanding of His holiness, and allow it to inspire awe and reverence in your heart.

Prayer: Almighty God, we stand in awe of Your unapproachable holiness and majesty. Help us to recognize our limitations and imperfections in comparison to Your perfection. Thank you for providing Jesus as our Mediator, bridging the gap between us and Your holiness. May we continually seek a deeper understanding of Your greatness and approach You with reverence. In Jesus’ name, we pray. Amen.

May the grace and peace of our Lord, Yeshua, be with you.

John Golda


Do you know for sure if you will go to heaven or hell when you die? Are you experiencing in your life the peace and joy of a personal relationship with our Creator and Father? Learn more about salvation through The Message of the Cross.

Exploring the Mystery of God’s Justice: Why Are the Wicked Not Punished? (Job 24)

Have you ever pondered the apparent success of those who act wickedly, seemingly untouched by the consequences of their actions?

In the Book of Job, we encounter a chapter that delves into the mystery of why the wicked sometimes prosper while the innocent suffer. Job’s contemplation leads us to explore the ways of the wicked and the justice of God.

Reconnect: As we continue our journey through the Book of Job, we find Job still wrestling with his suffering, while his friends offer various explanations for his afflictions. Despite their debates, Job remains steadfast in declaring his innocence and in the pursuit of understanding God’s ways.

(Summarized and continued after the  scripture)

Job 24

Job Says God Seems to Ignore Wrongs

1“Why are times not stored up by the Almighty,
And why do those who know Him not see His days?

      2“Some remove the landmarks;
They seize and devour flocks.

      3“They drive away the donkeys of the orphans;
They take the widow’s ox for a pledge.

      4“They push the needy aside from the road;
The poor of the land are made to hide themselves altogether.

      5“Behold, as wild donkeys in the wilderness
They go forth seeking food in their activity,
As bread for their children in the desert.

      6“They harvest their fodder in the field
And glean the vineyard of the wicked.

      7“They spend the night naked, without clothing,
And have no covering against the cold.

      8“They are wet with the mountain rains
And hug the rock for want of a shelter.

      9“Others snatch the orphan from the breast,
And against the poor they take a pledge.

      10“They cause the poor to go about naked without clothing,
And they take away the sheaves from the hungry.

      11“Within the walls they produce oil;
They tread wine presses but thirst.

      12“From the city men groan,
And the souls of the wounded cry out;
Yet God does not pay attention to folly.

      13“Others have been with those who rebel against the light;
They do not want to know its ways
Nor abide in its paths.

      14“The murderer arises at dawn;
He kills the poor and the needy,
And at night he is as a thief.

      15“The eye of the adulterer waits for the twilight,
Saying, ‘No eye will see me.’
And he disguises his face.

      16“In the dark they dig into houses,
They shut themselves up by day;
They do not know the light.

      17“For the morning is the same to him as thick darkness,
For he is familiar with the terrors of thick darkness.

      18“They are insignificant on the surface of the water;
Their portion is cursed on the earth.
They do not turn toward the vineyards.

      19“Drought and heat consume the snow waters,
So does Sheol those who have sinned.

      20“A mother will forget him;
The worm feeds sweetly till he is no longer remembered.
And wickedness will be broken like a tree.

      21“He wrongs the barren woman
And does no good for the widow.

      22“But He drags off the valiant by His power;
He rises, but no one has assurance of life.

      23“He provides them with security, and they are supported;
And His eyes are on their ways.

      24“They are exalted a little while, then they are gone;
Moreover, they are brought low and like everything gathered up;
Even like the heads of grain they are cut off.

      25“Now if it is not so, who can prove me a liar,
And make my speech worthless?”

Summary Key Points:

  1. The Unpunished Wicked: In Job 24, Job questions why the wicked often seem to escape punishment for their deeds. He observes how they exploit the vulnerable, take advantage of the helpless, and go about their wickedness without apparent consequences. This perplexing reality prompts Job to reflect on the seeming absence of divine justice in the world.
  2. The Cry of the Afflicted: Amid his contemplation, Job highlights the cries of the oppressed and the afflicted. He emphasizes the anguish of those who suffer at the hands of the wicked, emphasizing their desperate pleas for relief. Job’s reflections draw attention to the harsh conditions endured by the innocent.
  3. God’s Timing and Justice: While Job acknowledges the apparent success of the wicked, he doesn’t lose sight of God’s ultimate justice. He recognizes that, even though justice may not be immediate, the wicked will face their reckoning in due time. Job’s insights remind us that God’s timing may differ from our own, but His justice is certain.
  4. Application for Our Lives: Job’s contemplation prompts us to consider the existence of wickedness and injustice in the world. It reminds us that we live in a fallen world where the wicked may sometimes prosper, and the innocent suffer. However, we are encouraged to maintain our faith in God’s ultimate justice, even when we cannot fully comprehend His ways.

Call to Action: Take a moment to reflect on the injustices you may have observed or experienced in the world. Just as Job questioned the ways of the wicked, consider how you can advocate for justice and support those who are oppressed. Pray for God’s guidance in seeking justice and trust in His ultimate plan for righteousness.

Additionally, share your thoughts and engage in discussions with friends and family about the complex issues of justice, wickedness, and the role of faith in navigating these challenges.

May the grace and peace of our Lord, Yeshua, be with you.

John Golda


Do you know for sure if you will go to heaven or hell when you die? Are you experiencing in your life the peace and joy of a personal relationship with our Creator and Father? Learn more about salvation through The Message of the Cross.

When Friends Offer Troubling Advice (Job 22)

Have you ever experienced the frustration of receiving well-intentioned advice that seems far from the mark?

In life’s most challenging moments, we often turn to friends for support and guidance, but sometimes their counsel can miss the mark entirely. Job faced similar experiences, especially in the dialogue found in Job 22.

Let’s explore the lessons we can learn from Job’s encounters with his friends.

Reconnect: In the preceding chapters of the Book of Job, we witness Job’s ongoing suffering and his friends’ attempts to explain it as a result of his sins, reflecting the idea that suffering is always a consequence of personal sin. In contrast, Job stands emphatically behind his innocence, challenging this simplistic view of suffering as divine punishment for personal wrongdoing.

(Summarized and continued after the scripture)

Job 22

Eliphaz Accuses and Exhorts Job

      1Then Eliphaz the Temanite responded,

      2“Can a vigorous man be of use to God,
Or a wise man be useful to himself?

      3“Is there any pleasure to the Almighty if you are righteous,
Or profit if you make your ways perfect?

      4“Is it because of your reverence that He reproves you,
That He enters into judgment against you?

      5“Is not your wickedness great,
And your iniquities without end?

      6“For you have taken pledges of your brothers without cause,
And stripped men naked.

      7“To the weary you have given no water to drink,
And from the hungry you have withheld bread.

      8“But the earth belongs to the mighty man,
And the honorable man dwells in it.

      9“You have sent widows away empty,
And the strength of the orphans has been crushed.

      10“Therefore snares surround you,
And sudden dread terrifies you,

      11Or darkness, so that you cannot see,
And an abundance of water covers you.

      12“Is not God in the height of heaven?
Look also at the distant stars, how high they are!

      13“You say, ‘What does God know?
Can He judge through the thick darkness?

      14‘Clouds are a hiding place for Him, so that He cannot see;
And He walks on the vault of heaven.’

      15“Will you keep to the ancient path
Which wicked men have trod,

      16Who were snatched away before their time,
Whose foundations were washed away by a river?

      17“They said to God, ‘Depart from us!’
And ‘What can the Almighty do to them?’

      18“Yet He filled their houses with good things;
But the counsel of the wicked is far from me.

      19“The righteous see and are glad,
And the innocent mock them,

      20Saying, ‘Truly our adversaries are cut off,
And their abundance the fire has consumed.’

      21“Yield now and be at peace with Him;
Thereby good will come to you.

      22“Please receive instruction from His mouth
And establish His words in your heart.

      23“If you return to the Almighty, you will be restored;
If you remove unrighteousness far from your tent,

      24And place your gold in the dust,
And the gold of Ophir among the stones of the brooks,

      25Then the Almighty will be your gold
And choice silver to you.

      26“For then you will delight in the Almighty
And lift up your face to God.

      27“You will pray to Him, and He will hear you;
And you will pay your vows.

      28“You will also decree a thing, and it will be established for you;
And light will shine on your ways.

      29“When you are cast down, you will speak with confidence,
And the humble person He will save.

      30“He will deliver one who is not innocent,
And he will be delivered through the cleanness of your hands.”

Summary Key Points:

  1. Eliphaz’s Accusations: In Job 22, Eliphaz, one of Job’s friends, offers a harsh rebuke to Job, accusing him of various sins. He suggests that Job’s suffering is a direct result of his wickedness, asserting that God punishes the wicked and rewards the righteous. Eliphaz’s accusations reflect a common belief that suffering is always a consequence of personal sin.
  2. Lessons in Empathy: Job’s experience with his friends reminds us of the importance of empathy and sensitivity when offering counsel to those in distress. While Eliphaz and others may have had good intentions, their failure to understand the depth of Job’s suffering and their rush to judgment illustrate the need for compassion in difficult times. They were trying to solve the problem instead of simply comforting and encouraging their friend.
  3. Seeking God’s Perspective: Job’s story prompts us to seek God’s perspective in times of suffering. Instead of jumping to conclusions or offering quick answers, we should approach the suffering of others with humility and prayer, recognizing that we may not fully comprehend God’s purposes.

Call to Action: As we reflect on Job 22, let us strive to be empathetic listeners and companions to those facing trials. Rather than making hasty judgments or providing easy explanations, let us pray for discernment and seek God’s perspective. When comforting friends in times of suffering, may we offer not only words of encouragement but also the gift of understanding and empathy.

Closing Prayer: Heavenly Father, we thank You for the lessons found in the Book of Job. Help us to be compassionate and understanding friends to those in times of suffering. Grant us the wisdom to seek Your perspective and guidance when comforting others, and may our words and actions reflect Your love and grace. In Jesus’ name, we pray. Amen.

Discussion Prompt: Share a personal experience where you received counsel from a well-meaning friend that missed the mark. How did it make you feel, and what did you learn from that experience? How can we apply the lessons from Job’s story to our interactions with those facing trials?

May the grace and peace of our Lord, Yeshua, be with you.

John Golda


Do you know for sure if you will go to heaven or hell when you die? Are you experiencing in your life the peace and joy of a personal relationship with our Creator and Father? Learn more about salvation through The Message of the Cross.