How does God call His people to treat those who are vulnerable or under their authority?
Key Verse:
“Now these are the ordinances which you are to set before them.” — Exodus 21:1 (NASB)
Background Context:
After giving the Ten Commandments, God continued teaching Israel how His people were to live. Exodus 21 begins a series of detailed instructions applying God’s principles to real situations involving servants, violence, property, restitution, justice, and responsibility. The Ten Commandments were therefore not the entirety of God’s instruction at Sinai; they provided a foundation upon which God continued to build.
The first situation addressed concerns Hebrew servants. Servitude was already a familiar institution in the ancient world, often connected with poverty and debt. God’s instructions did not treat people under another person’s authority as mere property without rights. Instead, He established limits and protections that Israel was required to honor.
(Continued and expanded after scripture.)
Ordinances for the People
1“Now these are the ordinances which you are to set before them:
2“If you buy a Hebrew slave, he shall serve for six years; but on the seventh he shall go out as a free man without payment. 3“If he comes alone, he shall go out alone; if he is the husband of a wife, then his wife shall go out with him. 4“If his master gives him a wife, and she bears him sons or daughters, the wife and her children shall belong to her master, and he shall go out alone. 5“But if the slave plainly says, ‘I love my master, my wife and my children; I will not go out as a free man,’ 6then his master shall bring him to God, then he shall bring him to the door or the doorpost. And his master shall pierce his ear with an awl; and he shall serve him permanently.
7“If a man sells his daughter as a female slave, she is not to go free as the male slaves do. 8“If she is displeasing in the eyes of her master who designated her for himself, then he shall let her be redeemed. He does not have authority to sell her to a foreign people because of his unfairness to her. 9“If he designates her for his son, he shall deal with her according to the custom of daughters. 10“If he takes to himself another woman, he may not reduce her food, her clothing, or her conjugal rights. 11“If he will not do these three things for her, then she shall go out for nothing, without payment of money.
Reflection on Exodus 21:1–11:
For modern readers, beginning immediately with laws concerning servants can be jarring. The word translated “slave” or “servant” can cause us to picture the brutal race-based chattel slavery practiced in more recent history. That is not an accurate picture of everything described in this passage. In ancient Israel, a person might enter servitude because of poverty or debt, and the Hebrew servant described at the beginning of this chapter was to be released after six years of service.
At the same time, we should not romanticize the ancient system. A servant lived under another person’s authority and could be in an extremely vulnerable position. That vulnerability helps us understand something important about the instructions God gives. The person possessing greater power was not free to do whatever he wanted. God placed boundaries around that authority and held the person exercising it accountable.
A Hebrew servant could not simply be held indefinitely. “He shall serve for six years; but on the seventh he shall go out as a free man without payment.” The person did not have to purchase his freedom after completing the required period. God established a limit. Even in circumstances created by poverty and debt, an Israelite’s life could not simply become the permanent possession of another Israelite.
The passage then addresses several complicated family situations that could arise during servitude. Some of these details can sound foreign and troubling to us because they reflect a social structure very different from our own. Yet repeatedly we find God establishing responsibilities rather than allowing the powerful to act solely according to their own interests.
This becomes particularly clear in the instructions concerning a female servant. She could not simply be treated as disposable when circumstances changed. If the arrangement for marriage did not proceed as intended, there were obligations concerning redemption and her future. She could not be sold to foreigners after being dealt with unfaithfully. If she was intended for a son, she was to be treated “according to the custom of daughters.” If another wife was taken, her food, clothing, and marital rights could not be diminished. If these obligations were neglected, she was permitted to leave without paying money.
These details reveal a principle that will appear repeatedly in God’s instructions: having power over someone does not give us permission to exploit them. God cares about how the vulnerable are treated. Those with authority remain under His authority and are accountable for how they exercise it.
We should also recognize that God’s instruction was being given to people living in a fallen world. Scripture records and regulates many circumstances that do not represent the fullness of God’s original design. Yeshua makes this principle particularly clear when discussing divorce, explaining that Moses permitted certain provisions because of the hardness of human hearts while pointing His listeners back to God’s design “from the beginning” (Matthew 19:8). God’s regulation of broken human circumstances should not automatically be mistaken for His declaration that every aspect of those circumstances is ideal.
That distinction helps us read difficult passages like Exodus 21 carefully. Rather than asking only, Why was this situation present?, we should also ask, What is God teaching His people about how they must behave within it? Here we find limits on power, obligations toward others, protection for vulnerable people, and accountability before God.
These principles remain highly relevant even when the particular social structures are different. Employers have authority over employees. Parents have authority within their families. Government officials exercise authority over citizens. Church leaders carry responsibility toward those they serve. In every case, biblical authority is never permission for selfish exploitation. The person with greater power carries greater responsibility before God.
This also reminds us why we must continue beyond the Ten Commandments if we want to understand God’s instruction. “You shall love your neighbor as yourself” expresses a foundational principle, but God’s additional commandments begin showing His people what justice and love look like when real situations become complicated. God does not leave righteousness as an abstract idea. He teaches His people how His character should shape everyday life.
Exodus 21 begins that process by directing our attention toward people who could easily be overlooked or exploited. The God who delivered Israel from slavery now teaches His redeemed people that they must not use their own freedom and authority to mistreat others.
Application:
- Remember that whatever authority you possess remains under God’s authority.
- Treat employees, family members, and others who depend upon you with dignity, fairness, and compassion.
- Pay particular attention to people who have less power or fewer opportunities to defend their own interests.
- When studying difficult Old Testament laws, consider both the historical circumstances and the principles God is revealing through His instruction.
- Continue studying beyond the Ten Commandments to understand more fully how God teaches His people to live.
- Ask God whether you are using your influence primarily for your own benefit or to serve and protect others.
Closing Prayer:
Father, thank You for continuing to teach Your people how to live according to Your ways. Give me wisdom when I encounter difficult passages and help me seek to understand what You are revealing through them. Teach me to exercise whatever authority or influence You have given me with humility, justice, and compassion. Guard me from taking advantage of those who are vulnerable or dependent upon me. Help me remember that I am always under Your authority and accountable to You for how I treat others. Shape my life according to Your instruction so that my actions increasingly reflect Your character. In Yeshua’s name, Amen.
May the grace and peace of our Lord, Yeshua, be with you.
John Golda
Do you know for sure if you will go to heaven or hell when you die? Are you experiencing in your life the peace and joy of a personal relationship with our Creator and Father? Learn more about salvation through The Message of the Cross.